Conjugated Venom-Derived Toxins

Conjugated Venom-Derived Toxins

Biologically active venom-derived toxins to study ion channels, selected G-protein coupled receptors, synaptic transmission, and neural connectivity. Our toxins are developed in-house using controlled synthesis, folding, and multistep purification workflows that eliminate non-specific components found in crude venom. Each peptide is validated by HPLC, mass spectrometry, and functional bioassays, for lot-to-lot consistency and reliable performance. Available in synthetic, recombinant, native, and optionally fluorophore-conjugated formats. These reagents enable precise functional electrophysiology, imaging, and live-cell studies across neuronal systems.

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FAQs

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  • The expected molecular weight (MW) listed in the product datasheet is based solely on the size of the target protein’s amino acid sequence. It’s important to remember that many factors can affect the banding pattern of your western blot including: (1) the existence of a splice variant, (2) the quality of the loaded sample, (3) the protein extraction method, and (4) the protein transfer conditions. To achieve accurate results, you may need to systematically adjust the protein extraction method or the protein transfer conditions.

    • If the band’s MW is below the expected MW it could be due to a splice variant with a slightly different MW.
      • Heat the samples at 70°C for 10 min.
      • Increase the transfer time.
    • If the band’s MW is above the expected MW, it could be due to post-translational modifications.
    • In either event, you should use a blocking peptide as a negative control.

  • Some toxins and peptides are soluble in DMSO; you can find this information in the product specification section. For these products, prepare a concentrated stock solution first.

    1. Centrifuge vial (10,000 x g, 5 minutes) before adding solvent.
    2. Dissolve the lyophilized reagent in DMSO. We recommend keeping a concentrated stock solution at 1-10 mM (100-1000X higher than the final working concentration).
    3. Once the peptide is completely dissolved in DMSO, slowly dilute the peptide in pure water (or buffer) to the desired final working concentration.

    Note: We recommend that you maintain a DMSO concentration as low as possible. For cell assays, a final concentration of 0.1–0.5% DMSO (v/v) is considered acceptable. For other experiments, 5% DMSO (v/v) is recommended; adjust this according to your experimental requirements.

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34 Results
  • Agitoxin-2-Cys-TAMRA
    Bioassay Tested
    Agitoxin-2-Cys-TAMRA
    A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of KV1.3, KV1.1, and KV1.6 voltage-gated potassium channels
    • Product Code: RTA-420-T
    • Applications: Electrophysiology, Fluorescence staining
    • MW: 4673 Da
  • Apamin-ATTO Fluor-488
    Bioassay Tested
    Apamin-ATTO Fluor-488
    A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of KCa2 potassium channels (SK channels)
    • Product Code: STA-200-AG
    • Short Description: A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of KCa2 potassium channels (SK channels)
    • Applications: Electrophysiology, Direct flow cytometry, Fluorescence staining, Live cell imaging, Immunofluorescence
    • MW: 2601 Da
  • Apamin-Biotin
    Bioassay Tested
    Apamin-Biotin
    A biotinylated apamin for imaging and sensitive detection of KCa2 potassium channels (SK channels)
    • Product Code: STA-200-B
    • Short Description: A biotinylated apamin for imaging and sensitive detection of KCa2 potassium channels (SK channels)
    • Applications: Electrophysiology, Immunofluorescence
    • MW: 2367 Da
  • ATX-II-ATTO Fluor-647N
    Bioassay Tested
    ATX-II-ATTO Fluor-647N
    A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of NaV sodium channels
    • Product Code: STA-700-FRN
    • Short Description: A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of NaV sodium channels
    • Applications: Electrophysiology, Direct flow cytometry, Fluorescence staining, Live cell imaging, Immunofluorescence
    • MW: 5561 Da
  • DkTx-ATTO Fluor-647N
    Bioassay Tested
    DkTx-ATTO Fluor-647N
    A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of TRPV1 Channel
    • Product Code: STD-010-FRN
    • Short Description: A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of TRPV1 Channel
    • Applications: Direct flow cytometry, Fluorescence staining, Live cell imaging, Immunofluorescence
    • MW: 9155 Da
  • GsMTx-4-ATTO Fluor-647N
    Bioassay Tested
    GsMTx-4-ATTO Fluor-647N
    A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of mechanosensitive ion channels (Piezo1, TRPC1, TRPC6) and NaV1.7 sodium channels
    • Product Code: STG-100-FRN
    • Applications: Electrophysiology, Direct flow cytometry, Fluorescence staining, Live cell imaging, Immunofluorescence
    • MW: 4723 Da
  • GsMTx-4-Biotin
    Bioassay Tested
    GsMTx-4-Biotin
    A biotinylated probe for the detection and imaging of mechanosensitive ion channels (Piezo1, TRPC1, TRPC6) and NaV1.7 sodium channels
    • Product Code: STG-100-B
    • Applications: Electrophysiology, Fluorescence staining, Live cell imaging, Immunofluorescence, Indirect flow cytometry
    • MW: 4435 Da
  • Hm1a-ATTO Fluor 647N
    Bioassay Tested
    Hm1a-ATTO Fluor 647N
    A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of NaV1.1 voltage-gated sodium channels
    • Product Code: STH-600-FRN
    • Short Description: A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of NaV1.1 voltage-gated sodium channels
    • Applications: Electrophysiology, Direct flow cytometry, Fluorescence staining, Live cell imaging, Immunofluorescence
    • MW: 4625 Da
  • Iberiotoxin-ATTO Fluor-647N
    Bioassay Tested
    Iberiotoxin-ATTO Fluor-647N
    A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of KCa1.1 (BK) K+ channels
    • Product Code: STI-400-FRN
    • Short Description: A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of KCa1.1 (BK) K+ channels
    • Applications: Electrophysiology, Direct flow cytometry, Fluorescence staining, Live cell imaging, Immunofluorescence
    • MW: 4858 Da
  • MmTx1 Toxin-ATTO Fluor-488
    Bioassay Tested
    MmTx1 Toxin-ATTO Fluor-488
    A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of GABA(A) receptors
    • Product Code: STM-550-AG
    • Short Description: A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of GABA(A) receptors
    • Applications: Electrophysiology, Direct flow cytometry, Live cell imaging, Immunofluorescence
    • MW: ~7775 Da
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FAQs

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If you can’t find the answer, please contact us.

  • The DOL indicates the average number of dye or biotin molecules attached to each conjugated molecule. The specific number of dye or biotin molecules attached to each product is provided on the relevant product webpage in the Specifications section, under the “Label” entry.

  • Yes, each conjugated venom toxin is carefully evaluated to confirm that its biological activity is preserved after conjugation. We perform electrophysiological testing using either Xenopus oocytes or mammalian cells expressing the relevant protein targets. The activity of the conjugated toxin is then directly compared with that of the corresponding unconjugated (native) toxin. This comparative analysis allows us to verify that the conjugation process does not compromise the toxin’s functional activity or its ability to interact with the target protein. Detailed assay descriptions are available on the relevant product webpage.

  • Conjugated venom toxins are most suitable for live imaging applications. Conjugated venom toxins are superior probes for live-cell imaging of their protein targets, due to their small size, high affinity, and ability to bind native extracellular targets. Unlike antibodies, they have evolved to target the native, functional states of these targets with minimal non-specific binding. In contrast, while conjugated antibodies are more versatile, they are often less optimal for studying target protein dynamics in some living cells due to the internalization of the antibody-antigen complex.

  • Yes. Detailed protocols are available online to support the optimal use of conjugated toxins across various applications. Please refer to our protocols here: Live imaging, Flow cytometry, Immunofluorescence, and Multiplex Immunodetection.

  • The biological activity of the conjugated neurotrophin is always directly compared to that of the corresponding unconjugated (native) neurotrophin. This side-by-side comparison allows us to confirm that the conjugation process does not significantly affect receptor binding, signaling capability, or functional activity. Only bioactive conjugated neurotrophins are commercialized.

  • Standard laboratory safety precautions are generally sufficient when handling venom toxins. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as a lab coat and nitrile gloves, should be worn at all times. However, users should always consult the specific Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for each venom toxin to review any particular hazards and recommended handling procedures.

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