G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)

High-purity venom-derived toxins optimized for functional characterization and pharmacological investigation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).

Our toxins are developed in-house using controlled synthesis, folding, and multistep purification workflows. Each peptide is validated by HPLC, mass spectrometry, and functional bioassays to ensure lot-to-lot consistency and reliable performance. Available also in optionally fluorophore-conjugated formats, these reagents support receptor activation, signaling, imaging, and live-cell assays across diverse GPCR research applications.

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FAQs

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  • The expected molecular weight (MW) listed in the product datasheet is based solely on the size of the target protein’s amino acid sequence. It’s important to remember that many factors can affect the banding pattern of your western blot including: (1) the existence of a splice variant, (2) the quality of the loaded sample, (3) the protein extraction method, and (4) the protein transfer conditions. To achieve accurate results, you may need to systematically adjust the protein extraction method or the protein transfer conditions.

    • If the band’s MW is below the expected MW it could be due to a splice variant with a slightly different MW.
      • Heat the samples at 70°C for 10 min.
      • Increase the transfer time.
    • If the band’s MW is above the expected MW, it could be due to post-translational modifications.
    • In either event, you should use a blocking peptide as a negative control.

  • Some toxins and peptides are soluble in DMSO; you can find this information in the product specification section. For these products, prepare a concentrated stock solution first.

    1. Centrifuge vial (10,000 x g, 5 minutes) before adding solvent.
    2. Dissolve the lyophilized reagent in DMSO. We recommend keeping a concentrated stock solution at 1-10 mM (100-1000X higher than the final working concentration).
    3. Once the peptide is completely dissolved in DMSO, slowly dilute the peptide in pure water (or buffer) to the desired final working concentration.

    Note: We recommend that you maintain a DMSO concentration as low as possible. For cell assays, a final concentration of 0.1–0.5% DMSO (v/v) is considered acceptable. For other experiments, 5% DMSO (v/v) is recommended; adjust this according to your experimental requirements.

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9 Results
  • Contulakin-G
    Bioassay Tested
    Contulakin-G
    A synthetic, non-glycosylated neurotensin analog and potent agonist for the neurotensin receptors (NTSR1, NTSR2 and SORT1)
    • Product Code: GPC-100
    • Short Description: A synthetic, non-glycosylated neurotensin analog and potent agonist for the neurotensin receptors (NTSR1, NTSR2 and SORT1)
    • Applications: Calcium imaging assay
    • CAS No.: 229180-41-0
    • MW: 1704.8 Da
  • Muscarinic Toxin 3
    Bioassay Tested
    Muscarinic Toxin 3
    A potent antagonist selective for the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M4 mAChR) and a non-selective antagonist for several α1- and α2-adrenoceptor subtypes
    • Product Code: M-140
    • Short Description: A potent antagonist selective for the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M4 mAChR) and a non-selective antagonist for several α1- and α2-adrenoceptor subtypes
    • Applications: Calcium imaging assay
    • MW: 7379 Da
  • Muscarinic Toxin 7
    Bioassay Tested
    Muscarinic Toxin 7
    A negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of the M1 Muscarinic Receptor
    • Product Code: STM-200
    • Short Description: A negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of the M1 Muscarinic Receptor
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • CAS No.: 135541-77-4
    • MW: 7472.5 Da
  • Sarafotoxin S6b
    Bioassay Tested
    Sarafotoxin S6b
    A potent, non-selective agonist for ETA and ETB endothelin receptors
    • Product Code: SPE-160
    • Short Description: A potent, non-selective agonist for ETA and ETB endothelin receptors
    • Applications: Aequorin functional assay, Calcium imaging assay
    • CAS No.: 116303-65-2
    • MW: 2564 Da
  • α-Conotoxin AuIB
    Bioassay Tested
    α-Conotoxin AuIB
    An antagonist of mammalian α3/β4 neuronal nAChR that also inhibits N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels via GABA(B) receptor activation
    • Product Code: STC-310
    • Short Description: An antagonist of mammalian α3/β4 neuronal nAChR that also inhibits N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels via GABA(B) receptor activation
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • CAS No.: 216299-21-7
    • MW: 1572.8 Da
  • α-Conotoxin PeIA
    Bioassay Tested
    α-Conotoxin PeIA
    An antagonist of neuronal nAChRs (α9α10, α6-containing, and α3/β2) that also inhibits N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels via GABA(B) receptor activation
    • Product Code: STC-970
    • Short Description: An antagonist of neuronal nAChRs (α9α10, α6-containing, and α3/β2) that also inhibits N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels via GABA(B) receptor activation
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • CAS No.: 866876-88-2
    • MW: 1652 Da
  • α-Conotoxin RgIA
    Bioassay Tested
    α-Conotoxin RgIA
    A potent antagonist of α9α10 nAChRs that also inhibits N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels via GABA(B) receptor activation
    • Product Code: STC-010
    • Short Description: A potent antagonist of α9α10 nAChRs that also inhibits N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels via GABA(B) receptor activation
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • MW: 1571 Da
  • α-Conotoxin Vc1.1
    Bioassay Tested
    α-Conotoxin Vc1.1
    A potent antagonist of α9α10 nAChRs and agonist of GABA(B) receptors
    • Product Code: STV-500
    • Short Description: A potent antagonist of α9α10 nAChRs and agonist of GABA(B) receptors
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • CAS No.: 740980-24-9
    • MW: 1807 Da
  • α-Latrotoxin
    Bioassay Tested
    α-Latrotoxin
    A potent inducer of massive neurotransmitter release via presynaptic neurexin and latrophilin receptors
    • Product Code: LSP-130
    • Short Description: A potent inducer of massive neurotransmitter release via presynaptic neurexin and latrophilin receptors
    • Applications: Electrophysiology, Synaptic recording
    • CAS No.: 65988-34-3
    • MW: 130 kDa
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