Photo credit for the Micrurus mipartitus: Alejandro Solórzano
MmTx1 Toxin (#STM-550) and MmTx2 Toxin (#STM-600) (Micrurotoxin 1 & 2 respectively) peptide toxins, are two novel and highly potent allosteric modulators of GABA(A) receptors. They were originally identified and isolated from Micrurus mipartitus (Red-tailed coral snake) venom (Rosso, J.P. et al. (2015) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, E891.).
Both, MmTx1 Toxin and MmTx2 Toxin tightly bind to GABA(A) receptors at subnanomolar concentrations and allosterically increase GABA(A) receptor susceptibility to agonistic actions, thereby potentiating receptor opening and desensitization. They may be a priceless tool in evoking seizures for testing novel antiepileptic drugs or as lead molecules for designing therapeutics that modulate GABA(A) receptor activity (Rosso, J.P. et al. (2015) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, E891.).
Alomone Labs MmTx1 Toxin (200 nM) modulates GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.A. Representative time course of GABA(A) α1/β2 current activated at a holding potential of -80 mV by 100 nM Muscimol hydrobromide (#M-240) applications (black bars), and modulated by co-application of 200 nM MmTx1 Toxin (#STM-550), as indicated (green bar). A significant modulation of receptor desensitization and reactivation rates is observed. B. Superimposed traces of GABA(A) receptor currents upon application of 100 nM Muscimol (black) or co-application of 100 nM Muscimol and 200 nM MmTx1 Toxin (green). Taken from the recording in A.
Alomone Labs MmTx2 Toxin modulates GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.A. Representative time course of GABA(A) α1/β2 currents activated at a holding potential of -80 mV with 50 nM Muscimol hydrobromide (#M-240) application (black bars), and modulated by co-application of 200 nM MmTx2 Toxin (#STM-600), as indicated (green bar). A significant modulation of receptor desensitization rate is observed. B. Superimposed traces of GABA(A) currents upon application of 50 nM Muscimol hydrobromide (black) or co-application of 50 nM Muscimol hydrobromide and 200 nM MmTx2 Toxin (green). Taken from the recording in A.
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