Lyophilized Powder
This product is freeze dried. All water molecules have been removed.
Bioassay Tested
Every lot is tried & tested in a relevant biological assay.
Our Bioassay
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Rosso, J.P. et al. (2015) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, E891.
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Alomone Labs MmTx1 Toxin (200 nM) modulates GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.A. Representative time course of GABA(A) α1/β2 current activated at a holding potential of -80 mV by 100 nM Muscimol hydrobromide (#M-240) applications (black bars), and modulated by co-application of 200 nM MmTx1 Toxin (#STM-550), as indicated (green bar). A significant modulation of receptor desensitization and reactivation rates is observed. B. Superimposed traces of GABA(A) receptor currents upon application of 100 nM Muscimol (black) or co-application of 100 nM Muscimol and 200 nM MmTx1 Toxin (green). Taken from the recording in A.
Alomone Labs MmTx1 Toxin (400 nM) modulates GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.A. Representative time course of GABA(A) α1/β2 current activated at a holding potential of -80 mV by 100 nM Muscimol hydrobromide (#M-240) applications (black bars), and modulated by co-application of 400 nM MmTx1 Toxin (#STM-550), as indicated (green bar). A significant modulation of receptor desensitization and reactivation rates is observed. B. Superimposed traces of GABA(A) currents upon application of 100 nM Muscimol (black) or co-application of 100 nM Muscimol and 400 nM MmTx1 Toxin (green). Taken from the recording in A.
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- Rosso, J.P. et al. (2015) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, E891.
- Middendorp, S.J. et al. (2015) Neuropharmacology 95, 459.
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MmTx1 (Micrurotoxin 1) is a peptide toxin originally isolated from Micrurus mipartitus (Red-tailed coral snake) venom. The toxin is an allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and tightly binds to these receptors at subnanomolar concentrations. MmTx1 allosterically increases GABA(A) receptor susceptibility to agonistic actions, thereby modulating receptor opening and desensitization by interacting with the α+/β−interface, a benzodiazepine-like binding site1. MmTx1 may be a priceless tool in evoking seizures for testing novel antiepileptic drugs or as lead molecules for designing therapeutics that modulate GABA(A) receptor activity1.
GABA(A) receptors belong to the cys-loop pentameric ligand-gated ion channel family. These receptors are major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain and in the mammalian central nervous system and are responsible for the mediation of GABA action, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, through the central nervous system2.
MmTx1 Toxin (#STM-550) is a highly pure, synthetic, and biologically active peptide toxin.
