Immunology

Immunology

Reagents for immune-cell receptors, cytokine pathways, and inflammatory signaling.

In-house produced and validated antibodies, peptides, ligands, and modulators for research of membrane proteins expressed in immune and glial cells, including ion channels, GPCRs, cytokines, and chemokine receptors. Suitable for immunoassays like immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunocytochemistry (ICC), western blot (WB), or flow cytometry, as well as functional assays assessing activation and signaling states.

FAQs

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  • The blocking peptide is the antigen we use for immunization during antibody generation so that we can create an antigen-specific antibody. You can use this blocking peptide as a negative control alongside other controls in an immunoassay to give some insight into antibody specificity, but not selectivity.

    It’s important to note that the blocking peptide is not an effective control for use with live cells. If you need a control for flow cytometry, we recommend an isotype antibody control instead.

    For more details, see our guide to blocking peptides.

  • We carefully choose the epitope for immunization, taking into account two main parameters: immunogenicity and specificity of the epitope.

    Before immunization, we run a search to verify that the chosen epitope has maximum homology with other species and minimum homology among members of the same family or other proteins. After immunization and collection of sera, the antibodies are affinity-purified on immobilized antigens (the injected peptides).

    This means you shouldn’t have to worry about your antibody cross-reacting with close members of the same protein family.

  • Affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibodies are mainly IgGs.

  • Our reagents are shipped as stable, lyophilized powders. Before opening, we recommend centrifuging the vial (e.g., 10,000 × g for 5 minutes) to ensure all material is collected at the bottom, as the pellet can be difficult to see.

    To reconstitute, add your solvent directly to the vial to prepare a concentrated stock solution. Dissolve by gently tapping or rolling the vial. Avoid vigorous vortexing. For neurotrophins, pro-neurotrophins, and growth factors, we recommend avoiding vortexing entirely. Once dissolved, spin the vial down again and divide the solution into single-use aliquots for storage at -20°C.

    For specific protocols, please refer to the individual product page and use our Molarity Calculator.

    Solvent Selection & Guidelines

    Venom Toxins: Usually soluble in pure water (ddH₂O) at high micromolar concentrations (0.1–1 mM). While they are typically compatible with any aqueous buffer, we highly recommend preparing the initial stock solution in pure water unless stated otherwise.

    Neurotrophins & Growth Factors: Our general recommendation is to reconstitute with sterile water at a concentration of 0.1–1.0 mg/mL as a stock solution. For storage of dilute working solutions of specific proteins, we recommend adding a carrier protein (e.g., 0.1% BSA) to your buffer to prevent material loss due to protein adsorption. Always check the product-specific datasheet to ensure additives are compatible with your reagent.

    Important Handling Notes:

    We recommend preparing fresh working buffers before each use.
    Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles to maintain biological activity.
    Avoid heating peptides/proteins. Work at ambient room temperature and no higher than 37°C.

2171 Results
  • Anti-GABA(B) Receptor 1 (extracellular)-FITC Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GABBR1 (extracellular) conjugated to the fluorescent dye FITC
    • Product Code: AGB-001-F
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GABBR1 (extracellular) conjugated to the fluorescent dye FITC
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: FITC
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Live cell imaging, Flow cytometry
    • Target: γ-Aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1, GABA B receptor 1, GABABR1, Gb1, GABBR1, GPRC3A
  • Anti-GABARAP Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GABA Receptor Associated Protein
    • Product Code: AIP-016
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GABA Receptor Associated Protein
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Western blot, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: GABA receptor associated protein, GABARAPL
  • Anti-Gamma-Synuclein Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Gamma-Synuclein
    • Product Code: APZ-037
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Gamma-Synuclein
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Western blot, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: γ-Synuclein, Breast Cancer-Specific Gene 1 Protein, BCSG1, Persyn, Synoretin, SNCG
  • Anti-GAP43 Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GAP43
    • Product Code: ANR-016
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GAP43
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Western blot, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: Axonal membrane protein GAP-43, Growth-associated protein 43, Neuromodulin, Neural phosphoprotein B-50
  • Anti-GDNF Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GDNF
    • Product Code: ANT-014
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GDNF
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Western blot, Immunocytochemistry, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: Glial-derived neurotrophic factor, hGDNF, Astrocyte-derived trophic factor
  • Anti-GFAP Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
    • Product Code: AFP-001
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Western blot, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: Glial fibrillary acidic protein
  • Anti-GFAP-ATTO Fluor-647N Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GFAP conjugated to the fluorescent dye ATTO Fluor-647N
    • Product Code: AFP-001-FRN
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GFAP conjugated to the fluorescent dye ATTO Fluor-647N
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: ATTO 647N
    • Reactivity: Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Immunocytochemistry, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: Glial fibrillary acidic protein
  • Anti-GFR alpha 1 (extracellular) Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GDNF Family Receptor α1
    • Product Code: ANT-021
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GDNF Family Receptor α1
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Live cell imaging, Western blot, Immunocytochemistry, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: GFRA1, GFRα1, GDNF family receptor α1, GDNF receptor alpha 1, Ret ligand 1, RETL1, TRNR1
  • Anti-GFR alpha 3 (extracellular) Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GDNF Family Receptor α3
    • Product Code: ANT-023
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GDNF Family Receptor α3
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Western blot
    • Target: GFRA3, GFRα3, GDNF family receptor α3, GDNF receptor alpha 3
  • Anti-GFR alpha 4 (extracellular) Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GDNF Family Receptor α4
    • Product Code: ANT-024
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to GDNF Family Receptor α4
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Live cell imaging, Western blot, Immunocytochemistry, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: GFRA4, GFRα4, GDNF family receptor α4, GDNF receptor alpha 4, Persephin receptor
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Step-by-Step Protocols