Immunology

Immunology

Reagents for immune-cell receptors, cytokine pathways, and inflammatory signaling.

In-house produced and validated antibodies, peptides, ligands, and modulators for research of membrane proteins expressed in immune and glial cells, including ion channels, GPCRs, cytokines, and chemokine receptors. Suitable for immunoassays like immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunocytochemistry (ICC), western blot (WB), or flow cytometry, as well as functional assays assessing activation and signaling states.

FAQs

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If you can’t find the answer, please contact us.

  • The blocking peptide is the antigen we use for immunization during antibody generation so that we can create an antigen-specific antibody. You can use this blocking peptide as a negative control alongside other controls in an immunoassay to give some insight into antibody specificity, but not selectivity.

    It’s important to note that the blocking peptide is not an effective control for use with live cells. If you need a control for flow cytometry, we recommend an isotype antibody control instead.

    For more details, see our guide to blocking peptides.

  • We carefully choose the epitope for immunization, taking into account two main parameters: immunogenicity and specificity of the epitope.

    Before immunization, we run a search to verify that the chosen epitope has maximum homology with other species and minimum homology among members of the same family or other proteins. After immunization and collection of sera, the antibodies are affinity-purified on immobilized antigens (the injected peptides).

    This means you shouldn’t have to worry about your antibody cross-reacting with close members of the same protein family.

  • Affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibodies are mainly IgGs.

  • Our reagents are shipped as stable, lyophilized powders. Before opening, we recommend centrifuging the vial (e.g., 10,000 × g for 5 minutes) to ensure all material is collected at the bottom, as the pellet can be difficult to see.

    To reconstitute, add your solvent directly to the vial to prepare a concentrated stock solution. Dissolve by gently tapping or rolling the vial. Avoid vigorous vortexing. For neurotrophins, pro-neurotrophins, and growth factors, we recommend avoiding vortexing entirely. Once dissolved, spin the vial down again and divide the solution into single-use aliquots for storage at -20°C.

    For specific protocols, please refer to the individual product page and use our Molarity Calculator.

    Solvent Selection & Guidelines

    Venom Toxins: Usually soluble in pure water (ddH₂O) at high micromolar concentrations (0.1–1 mM). While they are typically compatible with any aqueous buffer, we highly recommend preparing the initial stock solution in pure water unless stated otherwise.

    Neurotrophins & Growth Factors: Our general recommendation is to reconstitute with sterile water at a concentration of 0.1–1.0 mg/mL as a stock solution. For storage of dilute working solutions of specific proteins, we recommend adding a carrier protein (e.g., 0.1% BSA) to your buffer to prevent material loss due to protein adsorption. Always check the product-specific datasheet to ensure additives are compatible with your reagent.

    Important Handling Notes:

    We recommend preparing fresh working buffers before each use.
    Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles to maintain biological activity.
    Avoid heating peptides/proteins. Work at ambient room temperature and no higher than 37°C.

2172 Results
  • Anti-VMAT2-ATTO Fluor-488 Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 Conjugated to the Fluorescent Dye ATTO-488
    • Product Code: AMT-006-AG
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 Conjugated to the Fluorescent Dye ATTO-488
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: ATTO 488
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: Vesicular monoamine transporter 2, SLC18A2, SVAT, VAT2
  • Anti-VPAC1 (VIPR1) (extracellular) Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to VPAC1 Receptor
    • Product Code: AVR-001
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to VPAC1 Receptor
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Indirect flow cytometry, Live cell imaging, Western blot, Immunocytochemistry, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: VIP and PACAP receptor 1, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1, Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type II receptor, PACAP type II receptor, PACAP-R2
  • Anti-VPAC1 (VIPR1) (extracellular)-FITC Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to VPAC1 Receptor Conjugated to the Fluorescent Dye FITC
    • Product Code: AVR-001-F
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to VPAC1 Receptor Conjugated to the Fluorescent Dye FITC
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: FITC
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Live cell imaging, Flow cytometry
    • Target: VIP and PACAP receptor 1, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1, Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type II receptor, PACAP type II receptor, PACAP-R2
  • Anti-VPAC2 (VIPR2) (extracellular) Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to VPAC2 Receptor
    • Product Code: AVR-002
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to VPAC2 Receptor
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Indirect flow cytometry, Live cell imaging, Western blot, Immunocytochemistry, Immunofluorescence
    • Target: VIP and PACAP receptor 2, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 2, Helodermin-preferring VIP receptor, Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type III receptor, PACAP type III receptor, PACAP-R3
  • Anti-xCT/SLC7A11 (extracellular) Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Cystine/Glutamate Transporter (xCT)
    • Product Code: ANT-111
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Cystine/Glutamate Transporter (xCT)
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Indirect flow cytometry, Live cell imaging, Western blot, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: Cystine/glutamate transporter, Amino acid transport system xc-, Solute carrier family 7 member 11, Calcium channel blocker resistance protein CCBR1
  • Anti-xCT/SLC7A11 (extracellular)-FITC Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Cystine/Glutamate Transporter (xCT) Conjugated to the Fluorescent dye FITC
    • Product Code: ANT-111-F
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Cystine/Glutamate Transporter (xCT) Conjugated to the Fluorescent dye FITC
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: FITC
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Flow cytometry
    • Target: Cystine/glutamate transporter, Amino acid transport system xc-, Solute carrier family 7 member 11, Calcium channel blocker resistance protein CCBR1
  • Anti-xCT/SLC7A11 (extracellular)-PE Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to xCT/SLC7A11 Conjugated to the Fluorescent Dye R-Phycoerythrin
    • Product Code: ANT-111-PE
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to xCT/SLC7A11 Conjugated to the Fluorescent Dye R-Phycoerythrin
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: R-PE
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Flow cytometry
    • Target: Cystine/glutamate transporter, Amino acid transport system xc-, Solute carrier family 7 member 11, Calcium channel blocker resistance protein CCBR1
  • Anti-ZIP10/SLC39A10 (extracellular) Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to ZIP10/SLC39A10 (extracellular)
    • Product Code: AZT-010
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to ZIP10/SLC39A10 (extracellular)
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Indirect flow cytometry, Live cell imaging, Western blot, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: Zinc transporter ZIP10, Zrt- and Irt-like protein 10, Solute Carrier Family 39 Member 10
  • Anti-ZIP10/SLC39A10 (extracellular)-FITC Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to ZIP10/SLC39A10 conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorophore
    • Product Code: AZT-010-F
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to ZIP10/SLC39A10 conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorophore
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: FITC
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Live cell imaging, Flow cytometry
    • Target: Zinc transporter ZIP10, Zrt- and Irt-like protein 10, Solute Carrier Family 39 Member 10
  • Anti-ZIP8 (SLC39A8) (extracellular) Antibody
    A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Zinc Transporter ZIP8
    • Product Code: AZT-008
    • Short Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody to Zinc Transporter ZIP8
    • Host: Rabbit
    • Label: Unconjugated
    • Reactivity: Human, Rat, Mouse
    • Applications: Indirect flow cytometry, Live cell imaging, Western blot, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry
    • Target: Zinc transporter ZIP8, Zrt- and Irt-like protein 8, Solute carrier family 39 member 8, BIGM103
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Step-by-Step Protocols