Immunology

Immunology

Reagents for immune-cell receptors, cytokine pathways, and inflammatory signaling.

In-house produced and validated antibodies, peptides, ligands, and modulators for research of membrane proteins expressed in immune and glial cells, including ion channels, GPCRs, cytokines, and chemokine receptors. Suitable for immunoassays like immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunocytochemistry (ICC), western blot (WB), or flow cytometry, as well as functional assays assessing activation and signaling states.

FAQs

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If you can’t find the answer, please contact us.

  • The blocking peptide is the antigen we use for immunization during antibody generation so that we can create an antigen-specific antibody. You can use this blocking peptide as a negative control alongside other controls in an immunoassay to give some insight into antibody specificity, but not selectivity.

    It’s important to note that the blocking peptide is not an effective control for use with live cells. If you need a control for flow cytometry, we recommend an isotype antibody control instead.

    For more details, see our guide to blocking peptides.

  • We carefully choose the epitope for immunization, taking into account two main parameters: immunogenicity and specificity of the epitope.

    Before immunization, we run a search to verify that the chosen epitope has maximum homology with other species and minimum homology among members of the same family or other proteins. After immunization and collection of sera, the antibodies are affinity-purified on immobilized antigens (the injected peptides).

    This means you shouldn’t have to worry about your antibody cross-reacting with close members of the same protein family.

  • Affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal antibodies are mainly IgGs.

  • Our reagents are shipped as stable, lyophilized powders. Before opening, we recommend centrifuging the vial (e.g., 10,000 × g for 5 minutes) to ensure all material is collected at the bottom, as the pellet can be difficult to see.

    To reconstitute, add your solvent directly to the vial to prepare a concentrated stock solution. Dissolve by gently tapping or rolling the vial. Avoid vigorous vortexing. For neurotrophins, pro-neurotrophins, and growth factors, we recommend avoiding vortexing entirely. Once dissolved, spin the vial down again and divide the solution into single-use aliquots for storage at -20°C.

    For specific protocols, please refer to the individual product page and use our Molarity Calculator.

    Solvent Selection & Guidelines

    Venom Toxins: Usually soluble in pure water (ddH₂O) at high micromolar concentrations (0.1–1 mM). While they are typically compatible with any aqueous buffer, we highly recommend preparing the initial stock solution in pure water unless stated otherwise.

    Neurotrophins & Growth Factors: Our general recommendation is to reconstitute with sterile water at a concentration of 0.1–1.0 mg/mL as a stock solution. For storage of dilute working solutions of specific proteins, we recommend adding a carrier protein (e.g., 0.1% BSA) to your buffer to prevent material loss due to protein adsorption. Always check the product-specific datasheet to ensure additives are compatible with your reagent.

    Important Handling Notes:

    We recommend preparing fresh working buffers before each use.
    Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles to maintain biological activity.
    Avoid heating peptides/proteins. Work at ambient room temperature and no higher than 37°C.

2177 Results
  • α-Conotoxin GIC
    A potent and selective antagonist of α3β2 and α6-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
    • Product Code: STC-070
    • Short Description: A potent and selective antagonist of α3β2 and α6-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • MW: 1609.8 Da
  • α-Conotoxin ImI
    A potent antagonist of the neuronal α3β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
    • Product Code: C-290
    • Short Description: A potent antagonist of the neuronal α3β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • CAS No.: 156467-85-5
    • MW: 1351 Da
  • α-Conotoxin ImI-ATTO Fluor-590
    A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of α3β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
    • Product Code: C-290-AR
    • Short Description: A fluorescent probe for imaging and sensitive detection of α3β2 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR)
    • Label: ATTO 590
    • Applications: Electrophysiology, Fluorescence staining, Live cell imaging, Immunofluorescence
    • MW: 1924 Da
  • α-Conotoxin LtIA
    A potent and selective antagonist of the α3/β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)
    • Product Code: STC-555
    • Short Description: A potent and selective antagonist of the α3/β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • MW: 1600.9 Da
  • α-Conotoxin MI
    A potent antagonist of muscle α1/β1/γ/δ nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
    • Product Code: STC-370
    • Short Description: A potent antagonist of muscle α1/β1/γ/δ nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • CAS No.: 83481-45-2
    • MW: 1493.7 Da
  • α-Conotoxin MII
    A potent and selective antagonist of neuronal α3β2 and α6β2*-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
    • Product Code: STC-040
    • Short Description: A potent and selective antagonist of neuronal α3β2 and α6β2*-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • CAS No.: 175735-93-0
    • MW: 1711 Da
  • α-Conotoxin MrIC
    An α7 nAChR potent antagonist that functions as a PAM-dependent biased agonist
    • Product Code: STC-320
    • Short Description: An α7 nAChR potent antagonist that functions as a PAM-dependent biased agonist
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • MW: 1835 Da
  • α-Conotoxin PeIA
    An antagonist of neuronal nAChRs (α9α10, α6-containing, and α3/β2) that also inhibits N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels via GABA(B) receptor activation
    • Product Code: STC-970
    • Short Description: An antagonist of neuronal nAChRs (α9α10, α6-containing, and α3/β2) that also inhibits N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels via GABA(B) receptor activation
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • CAS No.: 866876-88-2
    • MW: 1652 Da
  • α-Conotoxin PIA
    A potent and selective antagonist of neuronal α6*-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
    • Product Code: STC-870
    • Short Description: A potent and selective antagonist of neuronal α6*-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • CAS No.: 669050-68-4
    • MW: 1981 Da
  • α-Conotoxin RgIA
    A potent antagonist of α9α10 nAChRs that also inhibits N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels via GABA(B) receptor activation
    • Product Code: STC-010
    • Short Description: A potent antagonist of α9α10 nAChRs that also inhibits N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels via GABA(B) receptor activation
    • Applications: Electrophysiology
    • MW: 1571 Da
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