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ATX-II

Neurotoxin 2, Toxin ATX-II, As2, Anemonia viridis toxin 2, Av2, Delta-actitoxin-Avd1c 2

A Modulator of NaV Channels

Cat #: STA-700
Alternative Name Neurotoxin 2, Toxin ATX-II, As2, Anemonia viridis toxin 2, Av2, Delta-actitoxin-Avd1c 2
Lyophilized Powder yes
  • Bioassay Tested
    • Origin Synthetic peptide
    MW: 4935 Da
    Purity: >98% (HPLC)
    Effective concentration 10-100 nM.
    Sequence GVPCLCDSDGPSVRGNTLSGIIWLAGCPSGWHNCKKHGPTIGWCCKQ.
    Modifications Disulfide bonds between Cys4-Cys44, Cys6-Cys34 and Cys27-Cys45.
    Structure
    Molecular formula C213H323N63O61S6.
    CAS No.: 60748-45-0
    Activity ATX-II potently modulates voltage-gated Na+ channel gating kinetics by delaying its inactivation and prolonging the action potential of excitable membranes. ATX-II has been used as a powerful activator of TTX-sensitive and insensitive Na+ channels in various excitable tissue and cell types1-9.
    References-Activity
    1. Romey, G. et al. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A. 73, 4055.
    2. Tesseraux, I. et al. (1987) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 336, 232.
    3. Nishio, M. et al. (1991) Br. J. Pharmacol. 104, 504.
    4. Cannon, S.C. and Corey, D.P. (1993) J. Physiol. 466, 501.
    5. Hoey, A. et al. (1994) Pharmacol. Toxicol. 75, 356.
    6. Chahine, M. et al. (1996) J. Membr. Biol. 152, 39.
    7. Fletcher, J.E. et al. (1999) Anesthisiology 90, 1294.
    8. Brand, S. et al. (2000) Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 2387.
    9. Ravens, U. (1976) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 296, 73.
    Shipping and storage Shipped at room temperature. Product as supplied can be stored intact at room temperature for several weeks. For longer periods, it should be stored at -20°C.
    Solubility Any aqueous buffer. Centrifuge all product preparations before use (10000 x g 5 min).
    Storage of solutions Up to four weeks at 4°C or three months at -20°C.
    Our bioassay
    • Alomone Labs ATX-II enhances hNaV1.5 currents in stably transfected HEK cells.
      Alomone Labs ATX-II enhances hNaV1.5 currents in stably transfected HEK cells.
      hNaV1.5 currents were elicited by a 50 ms voltage step from the holding potential of -100 mV to -20 mV, applied every 20 sec, using whole-cell voltage clamp technique (bath solution contains TEA and pipette solution contains CsF). A. Time course, showing the effect of 0.05 nM, 0.5 nM, 5 nM and 50 nM ATX-II (#STA-700) on the current area, indicating a dose-dependent slowing of the hNaV1.5 inactivation. B. Superimposed traces of hNaV1.5 currents under control conditions and after 4-6 min perfusion with 0.05 nM, 0.5 nM, 5 nM and 50 nM ATX-II, as indicated.
    References - Scientific background
    1. Romey, G. et al. (1976) Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 4055.
    2. Tesseraux, I. et al. (1987) Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 336, 232.
    3. Nishio, M. et al. (1991) Br. J. Pharmacol. 104, 504.
    4. Cannon, S.C. and Corey D.P. (1993) J. Physiol. 466, 501.
    5. Hoey, A. et al. (1994) Pharmacol. Toxicol. 75, 356.
    6. Chahine, M. et al. (1996) J. Membr. Biol. 152, 39.
    7. Fletcher, J.E. et al. (1999) Anesthesiology 90, 1294.
    8. Brand, S. et al. (2000) Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 2387.
    9. Ravens, U. (1976) Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 296, 73.
    Scientific background

    ATX-II is a 47 amino acid peptidyl toxin, originally isolated from Anemonia sulcata sea anemone venom. It is a potent neurotoxin, which modulates voltage-gated Na+ channel gating kinetics by delaying its inactivation and prolonging the action potential of excitable membranes.

    ATX-II has been used as a powerful activator of TTX-sensitive and -insensitive Na+ channels in various excitable tissue and cell types (at concentration range of 10-100 nM).1-9

    Target Various NaV channels
    Peptide Content: 100%
    Lyophilized Powder
    Image & Title ATX-II
    Effects of ATX-II on rabbit cardiomyocytes.    Electrical stimulation-induced changes in [Na+]i in the absence (control) and presence of 5 nM ATX-II (#STA-700).Adapted from Kornyeyev, D. et al. (2016) Am. J. Physiol. 310, H426. with permission of The American Physiological Society.
    Last update: 06/11/2022

    ATX-II (#STA-700) is a highly pure, synthetic, and biologically active peptide toxin.

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    For research purposes only, not for human use

    Applications

    Citations

    Citations
    Product citations
    1. Cao, Z. et al. (2018) Pharmacology 102, 253.
    2. Hou, J.W. et al. (2018) Br. J. Pharmacol. 175, 4325.
    3. Gilchrist, J. and Basmans, F. (2018) J. Physiol. 596, 1863.
    4. Koleske, M. et al. (2018) J. Gen. Physiol. 150, 991.
    5. Wei, X.H. et al. (2017) Sci. Rep. 7, 981.
    6. Hampl, M. et al. (2016) Sci. Rep. 6, 25974.
    7. Kornyeyev, D. et al. (2016) Am. J. Physiol. 310, H426.
    8. Baczko, I. et al. (2014) Br. J. Pharmacol. 171, 92.
    9. Elies, J. et al. (2014) J. Biol. Chem. 289, 16421.
    10. Viatchenko-Karpinski, S. et al. (2014) J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 76, 247.
    11. Bant, J.S. et al. (2013) J. Neurosci. 33, 4976.
    12. Blardinelli, L. et al. (2013) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 344, 23.

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